Villeinage was not, however, a purely uni-directional exploitative relationship.
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Villeinage was much preferable to being a vagabond, a slave, or an unlanded labourer.
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A variety of kinds of villeinage existed in Europe in the Middle Ages.
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Villeinage, as opposed to other forms of serfdom, was most common in Continental European feudalism, where land ownership had developed from roots in Roman law.
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The legal status or condition of servitude of a villein or feudal serf
Tenure by which a villein held land
Serfdom is the socio-economic status of unfree peasants under feudalism, and specifically relates to Manorialism. It was a condition of bondage or modified slavery which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe. ...