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[Al & Jane Nahmad] [Speaker Series: Thought Leaders in Medicine]
[Robert H. Lustig, Neuroendocrinologist] Everybody familiar with Einstein's theory of insanity,
(crowd laughs)
[Robert H. Lustig, Professor of Pediatrics] doing the same thing over and over again
[Robert H. Lustig] and expecting a different result.
[Robert H. Lustig] Well, we've been doing the same thing
[Robert H. Lustig] over and over again now for the past 35 years.
[Robert H. Lustig] And there is no different result,
[Robert H. Lustig] and it's time to rethink the paradigm,
[Robert H. Lustig] it's time to rethink what has happened to our society,
[Robert H. Lustig] what has happened to medical care,
[Robert H. Lustig] what has happened to our food.
[Robert H. Lustig] And that is what today is about.
[Robert H. Lustig] And I'm gonna try to give you some reasons to rethink it.
[Robert H. Lustig] You know Dr. Zephyr said I was a thought leader,
[Robert H. Lustig] I would rather say I was a flame thrower, okay.
[Robert H. Lustig] I hope that when we're done I will have completely decimated
[Robert H. Lustig] the previous nutritional architecture that we have put
[Robert H. Lustig] in place in favor of one that actually works.
[Robert H. Lustig] So let's start, here's the past,
[Robert H. Lustig] 2001, 13 years ago, 6 million kids are seriously overweight.
[Robert H. Lustig] Well, with all of the media attention
[Robert H. Lustig] with all of the clinical programs,
[Robert H. Lustig] with all of the changes in healthcare and daycare,
[Robert H. Lustig] with all of the medications available,
[Robert H. Lustig] with bariatric surgery, being done in children,
[Robert H. Lustig] with Michelle Obama's vegetable gardens,
[Robert H. Lustig] we are now up to 20 million.
[Robert H. Lustig] Here's the present,
[Robert H. Lustig] currently there are 30% more obese people walking the planet
[Robert H. Lustig] than there are undernourished people,
[Robert H. Lustig] 371 million diabetics wandering the planet
[Robert H. Lustig] that 6% of the world's population
[Robert H. Lustig] and they are chewing through all the healthcare resources.
[Robert H. Lustig] There's no money for anything else.
[Robert H. Lustig] So much so that the UN secretary general Ban Ki-moon,
[Robert H. Lustig] three years ago declared that noncommunicable disease
[Robert H. Lustig] was now a bigger problem for the developing world
[Robert H. Lustig] than was the developed world, including HIV.
[Robert H. Lustig] But here's the future if we do nothing.
[Robert H. Lustig] Experts predict 165 million Americans, 42% will be obese
[Robert H. Lustig] by 2030, 100 million Americans will have diabetes
[Robert H. Lustig] by 2050, one third of the US population.
[Robert H. Lustig] But it really won't matter
[Robert H. Lustig] because Medicare will be broke by the year 2026.
[Robert H. Lustig] So here's the issue,
[Robert H. Lustig] people think, Oh, this is because doctors bills are so high
[Robert H. Lustig] or hospital costs are so much
[Robert H. Lustig] or if Big Pharma is charging so much,
[Robert H. Lustig] well there are the three of them
[Robert H. Lustig] and there's the increase that's going on.
[Robert H. Lustig] This isn't going to hospitals
[Robert H. Lustig] or physicians or Big Pharma or infrastructure.
[Robert H. Lustig] This is going to chronic metabolic disease.
[Robert H. Lustig] That's where this money is going.
[Robert H. Lustig] It's about obesity, is it?
[Robert H. Lustig] Obesity is increasing worldwide at the rate of 1% per year,
[Robert H. Lustig] yet diabetes is increasing worldwide
[Robert H. Lustig] at the rate of 4% per year.
[Robert H. Lustig] If diabetes were just a subset of obesity,
[Robert H. Lustig] how could you explain that?
[Robert H. Lustig] Well, you can't, because it ain't true
[Robert H. Lustig] because obesity is not the problem.
[Robert H. Lustig] People don't die of obesity,
[Robert H. Lustig] it's not even listed on the death certificate.
[Robert H. Lustig] It's not even a clause of death.
[Robert H. Lustig] Here's what we're talking about.
[Robert H. Lustig] We're talking about metabolic syndrome
[Robert H. Lustig] and this is where all the money goes.
[Robert H. Lustig] 75% of all healthcare dollars go to the treatment
[Robert H. Lustig] of the diseases of metabolic syndrome and here's the list.
[Robert H. Lustig] Each one of these is a chronic metabolic disease
[Robert H. Lustig] including cancer and dementia,
[Robert H. Lustig] diabetes being the hallmark one
[Robert H. Lustig] that we have the most data on.
[Robert H. Lustig] And that's the one that's gone through the roof.
[Robert H. Lustig] And the question is, what's happened?
[Robert H. Lustig] So this is the most important set
[Robert H. Lustig] of slides I'm gonna show you
[Robert H. Lustig] cause if this doesn't make the point, nothing will.
[Robert H. Lustig] Here's a ven diagram of the US adult population,
[Robert H. Lustig] 240 million adults, 30% obese, 70% normal weight.
[Robert H. Lustig] That is BMI anywhere from 18 to 30, everybody got it?
[Robert H. Lustig] The standard mantra from everyone is the following,
[Robert H. Lustig] 80% of that, 30%, 80% of the obese people are sick.
[Robert H. Lustig] They get type two diabetes, they get hypertension,
[Robert H. Lustig] they get dyslipidemia, they get cardiovascular disease,
[Robert H. Lustig] they get cancer, they get dementia
[Robert H. Lustig] that 80% of 30%, those 57 million people,
[Robert H. Lustig] they're the problem, they're costing us the money.
[Robert H. Lustig] They are gluttons and sloths
[Robert H. Lustig] and if they would only just diet and exercise,
[Robert H. Lustig] we could solve this problem, that's what everyone says.
[Robert H. Lustig] Garbage, complete and utter trash.
[Robert H. Lustig] How?
[Robert H. Lustig] How come, here's why.
[Robert H. Lustig] Yeah 80% of the obese population is sick, no question.
[Robert H. Lustig] That means 20% aren't.
[Robert H. Lustig] 20% of the obese population are metabolically healthy,
[Robert H. Lustig] known as the metabolically healthy obese,
[Robert H. Lustig] they will live a completely normal life,
[Robert H. Lustig] die at a completely normal age not cost
[Robert H. Lustig] the taxpayer a dime, they're just fat.
[Robert H. Lustig] Conversely, and this is the key to the kingdom.
[Robert H. Lustig] 40% of the normal weight population
[Robert H. Lustig] have the exact same metabolic diseases as do the obese.
[Robert H. Lustig] They're just not obese.
[Robert H. Lustig] They get type two diabetes, they get hypertension,
[Robert H. Lustig] they get to stop at dyslipidemia,
[Robert H. Lustig] they get cardiovascular disease, they get cancer,
[Robert H. Lustig] they get dementia, yeah
[Robert H. Lustig] at a slightly lower prevalence agreed,
[Robert H. Lustig] but there are more of them,
[Robert H. Lustig] there are 67 million thin sick people compared
[Robert H. Lustig] to the 57 million fat sick people.
[Robert H. Lustig] The thin sick people are actually costing us more.
[Robert H. Lustig] And two things come out of this,
[Robert H. Lustig] number one if thin people get it too,
[Robert H. Lustig] how can it be about behavior?
[Robert H. Lustig] This looks like exposure, this looks like cholera
[Robert H. Lustig] and tuberculosis and influenza too.
[Robert H. Lustig] Because it doesn't matter if you're fat or thin,
[Robert H. Lustig] you're still at risk.
[Robert H. Lustig] So here are two equally weighted people, same weight,
[Robert H. Lustig] same trunk fat 12.8, you can see here, okay?
[Robert H. Lustig] These are CTS through the abdomen.
[Robert H. Lustig] One's healthy, one's sick.
[Robert H. Lustig] Okay, doctors hands down.
[Robert H. Lustig] Somebody who's not a doctor, which one's sick,
[Robert H. Lustig] A or B, A or B, A or B, B, I hear B.
[Robert H. Lustig] Why?
[Robert H. Lustig] Why B?
[Robert H. Lustig] A he's just got some love handles up here, you know,
[Robert H. Lustig] something to hold on to at night you know,
[Robert H. Lustig] but B he's got fat all around his organs, okay?
[Robert H. Lustig] That visceral fat that's what makes people sick.
[Robert H. Lustig] Is that visceral fat and this even has a name,
[Robert H. Lustig] it's called TOFI T-O-F-I,
[Robert H. Lustig] thin on the outside fat on the inside,
[Robert H. Lustig] real medical terms swear, look it up.
(crowd chuckles)
[Robert H. Lustig] Go on Medline, get about 150 papers this last year alone,
[Robert H. Lustig] okay, TOFI, here's why.
[Robert H. Lustig] So these are three fat fraction maps
[Robert H. Lustig] that I'm gonna show you of three patients.
[Robert H. Lustig] Here's an obese patient,
[Robert H. Lustig] you can see the love handles over here, right?
[Robert H. Lustig] Very clear, but look at the liver.
[Robert H. Lustig] Liver is actually pretty dark meaning,
[Robert H. Lustig] there's not very much fat in the liver
[Robert H. Lustig] and this patient even though obese is perfectly healthy.
[Robert H. Lustig] Now here's more like what you would see.
[Robert H. Lustig] This is an obese patient with a high liver fat,
[Robert H. Lustig] and this is pretty standard,
[Robert H. Lustig] and you can see all the fat in there,
[Robert H. Lustig] the ground glass appearance of that liver fat.
[Robert H. Lustig] And this is a sick obese patient.
[Robert H. Lustig] Well, here's a thin patient, you see?
[Robert H. Lustig] No fat handles, no love handles.
[Robert H. Lustig] And here's his liver fat right there,
[Robert H. Lustig] just as high as the obese patients
[Robert H. Lustig] and that guy is just as sick as the second guy.
[Robert H. Lustig] So thin sick not fat sick liver sick, not love handle sick.
[Robert H. Lustig] The outside fat is irrelevant.
[Robert H. Lustig] It's the inside fat that counts
[Robert H. Lustig] because obesity is not the problem.
[Robert H. Lustig] So the key to the kingdom is it's not about obesity.
[Robert H. Lustig] It's about metabolic dysfunction and anyone can get it.
[Robert H. Lustig] And obesity which travels with the metabolic dysfunction
[Robert H. Lustig] is a result of the metabolic dysfunction.
[Robert H. Lustig] It's just another manifestation
[Robert H. Lustig] of the metabolic dysfunction, it is not the cause.
[Robert H. Lustig] The corollary to this for the doctors.
[Robert H. Lustig] This is what is standardly repeated
[Robert H. Lustig] in every examining room in America, today,
[Robert H. Lustig] if you fix the obesity
[Robert H. Lustig] the metabolic dysfunction will improve.
[Robert H. Lustig] If you lose weight, your diabetes will get better.
[Robert H. Lustig] That's what everyone tells you but no one could lose weight.
[Robert H. Lustig] The real science says, if you fix the metabolic dysfunction
[Robert H. Lustig] that is, if you get the insulin down,
[Robert H. Lustig] if you get the insulin down, the obesity will improve.
[Robert H. Lustig] And we do this in our clinic every single day.
[Robert H. Lustig] Myth number two, stated by every food concern on the planet.
[Robert H. Lustig] A calorie is a calorie.
[Robert H. Lustig] Different calories are metabolized differently
[Robert H. Lustig] and a calorie is not a calorie.
[Robert H. Lustig] Now there are four here
[Robert H. Lustig] and I don't have the time to go through each one,
[Robert H. Lustig] we're only gonna talk about sugar today,
[Robert H. Lustig] because sugar is the marker for processed food.
[Robert H. Lustig] So here's US sugar consumption over time,
[Robert H. Lustig] over the last 200 years.
[Robert H. Lustig] So let's put some thresholds up here.
[Robert H. Lustig] Now the red line is the threshold
[Robert H. Lustig] the American Heart Association says is too much.
[Robert H. Lustig] And the purple line is the theoretical threshold based
[Robert H. Lustig] on the analogy with alcohol
[Robert H. Lustig] that I had made several years ago
[Robert H. Lustig] because sugar is metabolized just like alcohol
[Robert H. Lustig] and that's why kids
[Robert H. Lustig] are getting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
[Robert H. Lustig] is because they're not consuming alcohol
[Robert H. Lustig] they're consuming sugar.
[Robert H. Lustig] And they're getting type two diabetes
[Robert H. Lustig] because alcohol causes that too and so does sugar.
[Robert H. Lustig] And then finally our study that came out last year,
[Robert H. Lustig] where we showed that for the whole world,
[Robert H. Lustig] every extra 150 calories the world ate,
[Robert H. Lustig] diabetes prevalence went up by a total of 0.1%, nothing.
[Robert H. Lustig] But if those 150 calories happened to be a can
[Robert H. Lustig] of soda, diabetes prevalence went up 11 fold 1.1%.
[Robert H. Lustig] And this study actually satisfies the criteria
[Robert H. Lustig] for proximate cause both scientific
[Robert H. Lustig] and legal proximate cause.
[Robert H. Lustig] Cause we showed dose more sugar, more diabetes,
[Robert H. Lustig] we showed duration, longer shorter exposure, more diabetes.
[Robert H. Lustig] We showed directionality the few countries
[Robert H. Lustig] where sugar went down, less diabetes.
[Robert H. Lustig] And we showed precedence, whenever sugar changed,
[Robert H. Lustig] diabetes changed three years later.
[Robert H. Lustig] You have to show precedents to show causation, we did.
[Robert H. Lustig] American Heart Association knows this,
[Robert H. Lustig] so this came out in 2009, I was proud to be part of this.
[Robert H. Lustig] And we recommended reduction of sugar intake from a median
[Robert H. Lustig] of 22 teaspoons of added sugar per day for America down
[Robert H. Lustig] to nine for males and six for females.
[Robert H. Lustig] And it's not just the American heart association,
[Robert H. Lustig] the World Health Organization in March said,
[Robert H. Lustig] we need to cut our sugar consumption
[Robert H. Lustig] to 5% of total calories.
[Robert H. Lustig] The FDA has said we don't care
[Robert H. Lustig] what the World Health Organization says,
[Robert H. Lustig] but the Dietary Guidelines Committee of the UK does
[Robert H. Lustig] and they have agreed on the 5% limit.
[Robert H. Lustig] Do you know what our limit is, here in America?
[Robert H. Lustig] Do you know what the Institute of medicine said?
[Robert H. Lustig] 25%, 25%.
[Robert H. Lustig] Myth number three,
[Robert H. Lustig] it's about personal responsibility,
[Robert H. Lustig] after all if you're fat, it's your fault.
[Robert H. Lustig] Here's a question for you,
[Robert H. Lustig] when did personal responsibility start?
[Robert H. Lustig] Everybody thinks it's as old as the union.
[Robert H. Lustig] Self-reliance you know, 1790 constitution,
[Robert H. Lustig] all that stuff, right?
[Robert H. Lustig] Garbage, when did personal responsibility start?
[Robert H. Lustig] 1962 and who invented it?
[Robert H. Lustig] The tobacco industry, because they were getting killed
[Robert H. Lustig] on the science of tobacco lung cancer.
[Robert H. Lustig] And they had to invent a reason to keep people smoking.
[Robert H. Lustig] Well, you get a choice,
[Robert H. Lustig] you can smoke if you want to, personal responsibility.
[Robert H. Lustig] And the food industry is using the same tactics.
[Robert H. Lustig] So personal responsibilities is an ideology,
[Robert H. Lustig] you need knowledge in order
[Robert H. Lustig] to exercise personal responsibility.
[Robert H. Lustig] Well, guess what we're being kept from the knowledge.
[Robert H. Lustig] Here's an example, here are the 56 names for sugar
[Robert H. Lustig] that the food industry uses
[Robert H. Lustig] and puts on the nutrition facts label.
[Robert H. Lustig] Do you know them all?
[Robert H. Lustig] Do you?
[Robert H. Lustig] Okay, and here's the nutrition facts label
[Robert H. Lustig] and you'll notice, here's sugar right here.
[Robert H. Lustig] Now notice there's a percent daily value
[Robert H. Lustig] for every other item on the nutrition facts label,
[Robert H. Lustig] except for one, sugar, because they don't want you
[Robert H. Lustig] to know how much is too much.
[Robert H. Lustig] Because if you knew how much was too much breakfast cereal
[Robert H. Lustig] would disappear from the planet in a nanosecond,
[Robert H. Lustig] you need excess, well, guess what?
[Robert H. Lustig] It turns out that 74% of all of the food in America
[Robert H. Lustig] has been tainted, has been adulterated with added sugar
[Robert H. Lustig] for the food industry's purposes, not for yours.
[Robert H. Lustig] And it's all in processed foods
[Robert H. Lustig] and that's what poor people get access to.
[Robert H. Lustig] And if you don't have access to healthy food
[Robert H. Lustig] how can you exercise personal responsibility?
[Robert H. Lustig] And if you can't afford healthy food
[Robert H. Lustig] how can you access personal responsibility?
[Robert H. Lustig] And finally the last one,
[Robert H. Lustig] your actions can't hurt anyone else, right?
[Robert H. Lustig] That's why secondhand smoke was important.
[Robert H. Lustig] That's why car accidents from drunk driving were important.
[Robert H. Lustig] So the question is what's the secondhand smoke of this.
[Robert H. Lustig] And I already showed it to you.
[Robert H. Lustig] It's the $2,751 per employee for obesity related health care
[Robert H. Lustig] whether you're obese or not.
[Robert H. Lustig] And it's destroying economic productivity,
[Robert H. Lustig] your obesity is hurting other people,
[Robert H. Lustig] your diabetes is hurting other people,
[Robert H. Lustig] your not having diabetes is hurting other people.
[Robert H. Lustig] So here's what's happened to our food dollars
[Robert H. Lustig] over the past 30 years, 1982 to 2012.
[Robert H. Lustig] Notice, meats down 10% cause we're all told
[Robert H. Lustig] to go low fat, fruits and vegetables exactly the same.
[Robert H. Lustig] You know, everyone says,
[Robert H. Lustig] we're not eating enough fruits and vegetables,
[Robert H. Lustig] excuse me, we're eating just as much as we always did.
[Robert H. Lustig] We didn't have this problem.
[Robert H. Lustig] Grains and baked goods, 13 up to 14%
[Robert H. Lustig] and that is important cause that's glucose
[Robert H. Lustig] and that raises insulin and that drives weight gain
[Robert H. Lustig] and so that is a problem, I don't argue that.
[Robert H. Lustig] Dairy products, 13.2% down to 10.6%
[Robert H. Lustig] cause now we're all lactose intolerant.
(crowd laughs)
[Robert H. Lustig] And finally processed foods and sweets 11.6, 22.9%
[Robert H. Lustig] a doubling in the span of 30 years.
[Robert H. Lustig] That's what's happened to our food supply
[Robert H. Lustig] and we've given it our tacit approval, we've allowed it.
[Robert H. Lustig] This happened under our noses and we didn't say boo,
[Robert H. Lustig] we allowed it, why?
[Robert H. Lustig] Because they added sugar to all the food,
[Robert H. Lustig] because we love sugar, because sugar is addictive,
[Robert H. Lustig] because they know when they add it you buy more,
[Robert H. Lustig] and sugar makes food cheaper, give you an example.
[Robert H. Lustig] Lucky Charms, they're magically delicious.
(crowd laughs)
[Robert H. Lustig] Ripe raspberry stars, four leaf clovers,
[Robert H. Lustig] yellow moons, pink hearts, right?
[Robert H. Lustig] Why are there so many marshmallows
[Robert H. Lustig] in the box of Lucky Charms?
[Robert H. Lustig] Cause oats cost money and marshmallows don't,
[Robert H. Lustig] and they can sell it for more, that's why.
[Robert H. Lustig] So I wanna put this to you right here, remember the slide?
[Robert H. Lustig] Remember, I'm gonna superimpose on this slide right now.
[Robert H. Lustig] The percent of healthcare spending of GDP,
[Robert H. Lustig] percent of GDP as healthcare, everybody ready?
[Robert H. Lustig] We don't have a healthcare problem,
[Robert H. Lustig] we have a sugar problem.
[Robert H. Lustig] Because sugar is the reason for the driving
[Robert H. Lustig] of the healthcare crisis.
[Robert H. Lustig] This is hurting business, this is hurting insurance,
[Robert H. Lustig] this is hurting a lot of people.
[Robert H. Lustig] So what's happened is Obamacare
[Robert H. Lustig] has actually realigned the lines of engagement.
[Robert H. Lustig] It used to be the doctors against the lawyers,
[Robert H. Lustig] the doctors against the insurers.
[Robert H. Lustig] Well now it's the doctors and the lawyers
[Robert H. Lustig] and the employers and the insurers
[Robert H. Lustig] and a big business because we all stand to lose
[Robert H. Lustig] from the current paradigm ,
[Robert H. Lustig] against the food industry the drug industry,
[Robert H. Lustig] the White House and Congress
[Robert H. Lustig] who stand to maintain the status quo.
[Robert H. Lustig] We have some new partners,
[Robert H. Lustig] and they are very powerful partners,
[Robert H. Lustig] and we need to round them up and get them
[Robert H. Lustig] on the same page because I will tell you right now,
[Robert H. Lustig] healthcare can solve this problem.
[Robert H. Lustig] We don't make money, we spend it,
[Robert H. Lustig] but business and insurance, they make money
[Robert H. Lustig] and they are losing money because of this.
[Robert H. Lustig] It is time to rethink the paradigm,
[Robert H. Lustig] it is time to rethink how we present this to our patients,
[Robert H. Lustig] And it is time to rethink how we present this to Washington.
[Robert H. Lustig] And so here's the future of sugar, it's complex.
[Robert H. Lustig] This is from Forbes, it's not going away,
[Robert H. Lustig] it'll never go away and it's not gonna go away
[Robert H. Lustig] and we don't even want it to go away
[Robert H. Lustig] cause sugar is supposed to be celebratory.
[Robert H. Lustig] You know, dessert used to be once a week,
[Robert H. Lustig] now it's six times a day, okay?
[Robert H. Lustig] That's what's happened, okay?
[Robert H. Lustig] You get one dessert a week
[Robert H. Lustig] and now you get six desserts a day.
[Robert H. Lustig] When sugar was a condiment, it was not a problem.
[Robert H. Lustig] Now it's a food staple.
[Robert H. Lustig] We need to bring it back to condiment, real food.
[Robert H. Lustig] That's what we're talking about.
[Robert H. Lustig] Can we deliver real food to the US population?
[Robert H. Lustig] And the answer is absolutely yes,
[Robert H. Lustig] but not without the food industry's help
[Robert H. Lustig] and not without Washington's help, that's the goal.
[Robert H. Lustig] We are gonna change the conversation around big food.[Robert H. Lustig]
[Robert H. Lustig] Let's do this together.
[Robert H. Lustig] With that, I wanna thank you for your attention.
[Robert H. Lustig] Thank you.
(crowd applauds)

[Al & Jane Nahmad] [Speaker Series: Thought Leaders in Medicine]

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robert::noun | Spocien Dictionary

robert

noun

/Rɔ'bɛR/

United States parliamentary authority and author (in 1876) of Robert's Rules of Order (1837-1923)

Type	Words
Synonyms	henry m. robert, henry martyn robert

Examples of robert

robert

Robert Arnold and Paul Noonan chipped in 13 points apiece as well for the hosts.

From the thenewstribune.com

Robert Mugabe has ruled Zimbabwe since the nation achieved independence in 1980.

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Robert Covington added 13 points for the Tigers, who lost their second in a row.

From the kentucky.com

Robert Levinson suffers from diabetes and requires regular medication, she said.

From the edition.cnn.com

Robert Tyler is a substitute teacher, primarily for the Wichita school district.

From the kansas.com

Robert is married to socialite Heather Bird, who runs a chain of beauty clinics.

From the thisislondon.co.uk

Robert Bassey, 52, discovered the flooding outside his home on Friday last week.

From the borehamwoodtimes.co.uk

Robert Sanders was one of several parents passing the torch to his child Monday.

From the news-journalonline.com

Robert Falls'production, here realized by Harry Silverstein, is straightforward.

From the latimes.com

More examples

United States parliamentary authority and author (in 1876) of Robert's Rules of Order (1837-1923)
(roberts) United States biochemist (born in England) honored for his discovery that some genes contain introns (born in 1943)
(roberts) United States writer remembered for his historical novels about colonial America (1885-1957)
(roberts) a Welsh pirate credited with having taken more than 400 ships (1682-1722)
The name Robert is a Germanic given name, from hrod "fame" and beraht "bright". It is also in use as a surname.
The Robert statue is a Danish film prize awarded each year by the Film Academy of Denmark. It is the Danish equivalent of the American Oscars. ...
Mons Vitruvius is a mountain on the Moon that is located in the Montes Taurus region just to the north of Mare Tranquillitatis and to the southeast of Mare Serenitatis. This massif is located at selenographic coordinates of 19.4u00B0 N, 30.8u00B0 E, and it has a diameter across the base of 15u00A0km. It rises to a maximum height of about 2.3u00A0km near the northeastern end...
Robert Capellanus ("Robert the Chaplain"; d. c. 1249), was a chaplain of King William I of Scotland and afterwards, Bishop of Ross (1214-1249).
Robert (died c. 1271) was a 13th century prelate based in the Kingdom of Scotland. He was successively Archdeacon of Ross and Bishop of Ross; he is the second Robert to have held the bishopric of Ross.

How to pronounce robert in English?

robert::noun | Spocien Dictionary

abandonment

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Examples of robert

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