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How to pronounce quartan in English?

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Malaria is an infection that can be caused by a few different types of Plasmodium species,
which are single-celled parasites that get spread around by mosquitoes.
Once the plasmodium gets into the bloodstream, it starts to infect and destroy mainly liver
cells and red blood cells, which causes a variety of symptoms and sometimes even death.
Malaria is a serious global health problem that affects millions of people, particularly
young children under the age of 5, pregnant women, patients with other health conditions
like HIV and AIDS, and travelers who have had no prior exposure to malaria.
Tropical and subtropical regions are hit the hardest, together the most affected regions
form the malaria belt, which is a broad band around the equator that includes much of latin
america, sub-saharan africa, south asia, and southeast asia.
There are hundreds of types of Plasmodium species, but only five cause malarial disease
in humans, and those are Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium
ovale, and Plasmodium knowlesi.
Plasmodium vivax uses a specific erythrocyte surface receptor called the Duffy antigen.
And some individuals, particularly those with sickle-cell anemia lack this receptor, meaning
that Plasmodium vivax cannot get into their cells.
In other words, having sickle cell anemia is genetically related to having relative
protection from Plasmodium vivax.
Other diseases, like thalassemia and G6PD deficiency make the parasite-infected erythrocyte
more susceptible to dying from oxidative stress.
So despite the obvious downside to having any of these diseases, they do offer an upside
when it comes to warding off a malaria infection.
In fact, because malaria has historically circulated in Africa, the genes underlying
these diseases are thought to have conferred a natural selection advantage and therefore
become more common in the genetic pool.
Now, malaria begins when a plasmodium-infected female Anopheles mosquito hunts for a blood
meal in the evening and through the night.
Like a tiny flying vampire, the mosquito is drawn to carbon dioxide that get breathed
out as well as bodily smells, like foot odor.
At this point, the Plasmodium is in a stage of development called a sporozoite, waiting
patiently in the mosquito’s salivary gland.
When the mosquito pierces a person’s skin with its long and needle-shaped tusk, called
a proboscis, the tiny, worm-like sporozoites spill out of the mosquito’s saliva and make
it into the bloodstream.
Within minutes, the sporozoites reach the liver and mount an attack on hepatic parenchymal
cells where they begin asexual reproduction also known as schizogony.
At this point, the plasmodium species vary a bit.
Over the next 1-2 weeks, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium knowlesi
sporozoites multiply asexually and mature into merozoites, while host hepatic parenchymal
cells die.
In contrast, over the next few months to years, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale sporozoites
enter into a dormant hepatic phase, where they are called hypnozoites.
Hypnozoites don’t divide - instead they snooze for a period of time before entering
the process of schizogony, causing a long delay between the initial infection and symptoms
from the disease.
This is called the exoerythrocytic phase because it happens outside of the erythrocyte or red
blood cell, and it’s generally asymptomatic.
The merozoites are then released into the blood, and each one binds to a surface receptor
and invades a red blood cell.
Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium falciparum invade red blood cells of all ages, whereas
Plasmodium vivax prefers to invade reticulocytes which are young, immature red blood cells,
and Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium knowlesi prefer to invade older red blood cells.
Once inside the red blood cell, the merozoite undergoes asexual reproduction and a series
of transformational changes.
This phase is known as the erythrocytic phase of malaria, because it happens inside of the
red blood cell and generally lasts 2 to 3 days.
In the first stage of the erythrocytic phase the merozoite looks like a tiny ring within
the red blood cell and is called an early trophozoite or a ring form.
In the second stage, the ring form trophozoite grows and is referred to as a late trophozoite.
In the third and final stage, the parasite grows some more by digesting hemoglobin and
leaves behind hemozoin, which under a microscope looks a little like a brown feces smudge on
the red blood cell, and at this point the parasite is called a schizont.
This is the actual replicative phase in which the parasite undergoes mitosis and differentiates
into lots of merozoites which can get released into the blood.
Now, instead of going into the erythrocytic phase again, some of the merozoites undergo
gametogony which is where they divide and give rise to gametocytes which are little
sausage-shaped sexual forms that can be either male or female.
These gametocytes remain inside of a red blood cell, and can get sucked up by another female
Anopheles mosquito that might take a blood meal from the infected person.
The gametocytes can then reach the mosquito's gut where they mature a bit more and then
fuse together to form a zygote.
This part of the plasmodium life cycle is called sporogony, and it’s sexual reproduction,
as opposed to the schizogony or asexual reproduction that happened in the liver and red blood cells.
The zygote then goes on to develop further, it becomes an ookinete and then an oocyst
that ruptures in the mosquito’s gut, releasing thousands of sporozoites which navigate their
way into the mosquito's salivary gland, in order to repeat the cycle all over again.
Now, the incubation time, which is the period of time between infection and symptom onset,
varies depending on the plasmodium species.
Plasmodium falciparum incubates for a few days, whereas Plasmodium malariae incubates
for a few weeks.
The release of tumor necrosis factor alpha and other inflammatory cytokines, causes fevers
that typically occur in paroxysms or short bursts, and correspond to the rupture of the
infected red blood cells, which happens in waves of reproductive cycles unique for each
plasmodium species.
For Plasmodium malariae, fevers happen every 72 hours, and is called quartan fever.
For Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale, fevers happen every 48 hours, and these are
called tertian fever.
For Plasmodium knowlesi, the fever happens every 24 hours, and for Plasmodium falciparum,
the pattern can vary - sometimes following the pattern of tertian fever, while other
times the fevers happen daily, earning it the name malignant tertian fever.
In addition to fevers, the hemolytic anemia, which is the destruction of red blood cells,
also causes symptoms like extreme fatigue, headaches, jaundice, and splenomegaly.
Most plasmodium infections have a mild course of symptoms and are generally regarded as
uncomplicated malarial infections.
Out of all of the Plasmodium species, though, Plasmodium falciparum is known for causing
the worst infections.
Most plasmodium-infected red blood cells get screened and destroyed by the spleen.
Plasmodium falciparum, though, avoids this fate by generating a sticky protein that coats
the surface of the infected red blood cells and these look like “knobs” or little
bumps.
The protein causes the red blood cells to clump together and jam up tiny blood vessels
- a process called cytoadherence.
This literally blocks the flow of blood so that infected cells aren’t able to flow
into the spleen, and it also blocks blood flow from reaching other vital organs which
can wreak havoc on them.
Between hemolytic anemia and ischemic damage from blocked blood flow, organ-failure can
set in pretty quickly.
When the brain is affected, it's termed cerebral malaria, and it results in altered mental
status, seizures, and coma.
When the liver is affected, it's termed bilious malaria, and it results in diarrhea, vomiting,
jaundice, and liver failure.
Other commonly affected organs include the lungs, the kidneys, and the spleen, which
taken together create a sepsis-like clinical picture that can eventually lead to death.
Together, all of these scenarios are called complicated malaria.
Malaria is usually diagnosed with a thick blood smear that locates parasites sitting
within the red blood cells and a thin blood smear, which directly identifies the plasmodium
species.
It’s also important to know the percentage of red blood cells infected by a parasite
because patients with greater than 5% parasitemia can have worse outcomes.
Some common lab findings include thrombocytopenia, which is a low platelet count, elevated lactate
dehydrogenase levels due to hemolysis, and a normochromic, normocytic type of anemia,
meaning that the red blood cells are few in number but those that remain are of normal
size and color.
Treatment for malaria is generally divided into the different stages of infection.
Suppressive treatment or chemoprophylaxis is aimed at killing sporozoites before they
infect hepatocytes, so it’s usually given to travelers that are headed to a country
with endemic malaria.
Therapeutic treatment is aimed at eliminating merozoites in the erythrocytic phase, so it’s
usually given during an active infection.
The exact medication or group of medications that are to treat an active infection depends
largely on the severity of infection, the age and pregnancy status of the patient, the
local malarial resistance pattern which depends on the geography, and the plasmodium species
causing the infection.
It’s also important to not take the same medication to treat an active infection that
was previously used as chemoprophylaxis.
Gametocidal treatment is aimed at killing gametocytes, which prevents spread of disease,
and thus, the creation of future resistant forms of the parasite.
Lastly, radical treatment is aimed at killing hypnozoites in the liver from a Plasmodium
vivax and Plasmodium ovale infection.
For the most part, cases of uncomplicated malaria resolve with treatment.
Even after recovery, some individuals can get symptoms after a period of time - and
this is called recurrent malaria, and it’s broadly divided into three underlying causes:
recrudescence, relapse, and reinfection.
Recrudescence refers to ineffective treatment that didn’t completely clear the infection
- a problem common when there are high rates of antimalarial resistance.
Relapse refers to situations where the blood was cleared of merozoites but hypnozoites
persisted in the liver, and then emerged to cause more problems.
And reinfection is when an individual was effectively treated, but a completely new
infection caused a new bout of malaria - a problem common in endemic areas, since a single
infection doesn’t make an individual immune to malaria.
Instead, there is an acquired ability to tolerate Plasmodium infections, which relates to the
degree of exposure to a variety of different strains.
Since malaria is spread by mosquitos, anything that prevents mosquito bites can help, like
full body clothing, mosquito repellent, sleeping in insecticide covered mosquito nets, and
using indoor insecticide sprays.
In addition, Anopheles mosquitoes like to lay their eggs in small, shallow collections
of freshwater, like containers sitting outdoors during the rainy season in tropical countries.
To control the mosquito population, it’s important to empty out these containers and
any other stagnant collections of water.
Finally, an emerging vaccine against malaria is currently being studied in clinical trials,
and it’s called, brace yourself, RTS, S/AS01 vaccine.
Guessing “malaria-be-gone” was already taken?
All jokes aside, though, this vaccine consists of a recombinant fusion protein which targets
an antigen found on the P. falciparum membrane.
And while more clinical trial results are necessary before recommending widespread employment
of the vaccine, it looks really promising!
All right, as a quick recap, malaria is a life-threatening mosquito transmitted infection
caused by plasmodium parasites in which the parasite feeds and grows inside hepatocytes
and red blood cells.
Symptoms are primarily caused by the rupture of red blood cells, that usually result in
high grade fever paroxysms that improve over time, but can occasionally cause severe complications
and death.

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quartan::noun | Spocien Dictionary

quartan

noun

/'kwɔrtən/

a malarial fever that recurs every fourth day

Type	Words
Type of	ague, chills and fever

quartan:: | Spocien Dictionary

quartan

/'kwɔrtən/

occurring every fourth day (especially the fever and weakness of malaria)

Type	Words

quartan malaria.

Examples of quartan

quartan

Worst of all, on 22 December, Cardinal Cervini left the Conclave, suffering from a quartan fever.

From the en.wikipedia.org

How to pronounce quartan in English?

quartan::noun | Spocien Dictionary

abandonment

Related words

quartan:: | Spocien Dictionary

abandonment

Related words

Examples of quartan

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