Sparrows are physically similar to other seed-eating birds, such as finches, but have a vestigial dorsal outer primary feather and an extra bone in the tongue.
From the en.wikipedia.org
The feather studied was most probably a single covert, which would have partly covered the primary feathers on the wings.
From the en.wikipedia.org
Small birds accomplish this in an annual or twice-annual molt, during which the 9 or 10 primary flight feathers are replaced sequentially, taking about three weeks for each feather.