Prior to the advent of multiprogramming, computers operated as single-user systems.
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Multiprogramming is also basic form of multiprocessing, a much broader term.
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A multiprogramming or multitasking OS is a system executing many processes concurrently.
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Multiprogramming doesn't give any guarantee that a program will run in a timely manner.
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Multiprogramming greatly reduced wait times when multiple batches were being processed.
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Dijkstra discusses the development of ALGOL 60, Dijkstra's algorithm, THE multiprogramming system.
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It made multiprogramming possible and necessary.
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Multiprogramming is the possibility for multiple programs to be ready, and waiting for the processor to be free.
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Multiprogramming does not require any cooperation between programs, as there were no interactive users anyway.
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More examples
The execution of two or more computer programs by a single computer
Computer multiprogramming is the allocation of a computer system and its resources to more than one concurrent application, job or user ("program" in this nomenclature).
(n.) the ability of a computer system to time share its (at least one) CPU with more than one program at once. See also multitasking.
Having more than one program ready to run in memory. This was a big advance over single-user batch systems when it was first introduced. Multics transmuted this concept into that of "eligibility."
A technique of executing several program(fragment)s (seemingly) simultaneously on a single machine with a single execution unit.
Concurrent execution of several different programs by sharing the same central processing unit (CPU).
Multi-tasking; describes an operating system which runs several programs apparently at the same time by time slicing; multi-processing is similar, but usually refers to computers which use several processors to achieve more efficient multi-programming.
The capability of initiating and executing more than one program at a time. These programs, usually called processes, are time-shared, each receiving a slice of CPU time on a round-robin basis. See concurrency.
A computer operating environment in which several programs can be placed in memory and executed concurrently.