This is most likely the earliest reference in China to the breech-loading Frankish culverin.
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Whether used for war or commerce, they were generally armed with the demi-culverin type of cannon.
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Grand culverin of the Knights Hospitallers, 1500-1510, Rhodes.
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The vessels appears to be propelled by a score of oars and armed with one bombard and a smaller culverin.
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Fort St. George included ditches and ramparts and contained nine cannons that ranged in size from demi-culverin to falcon.
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The development of the hand culverin and matchlockarquebus brought about the use of cast lead balls as projectiles.
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The regular galleys carried one 50-pound cannon or a 32-pound culverin at the bow as well as four lighter cannons and four swivel guns.
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The practice comes from a time when all gunpowder weapons had distinctive names, including the culverin, serpentine, falcon, falconet, etc.
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This included the European breech-loading gun and culverin, the wheellock musket, and then the flintlock musket of the mid 17th century.
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The late 16th century AD also saw the use of culverin and jingals on elephants, an adaptation to the gunpowder age that ultimately drove elephants from the battlefield.
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More examples
A heavy cannon with a long barrel used in the 16th and 17th centuries
A medieval musket
A culverin was a relatively simple ancestor of the musket, and later a medieval cannon, adapted for use by the French in the 15th century, and later adapted for naval use by the English in the late 16th century. The culverin was used to bombard targets from a distance. ...
A heavy field artillery piece that fired a 15-pound shot. A demi-culverin fired a 9-pound shot.