The signaling pathways leading to axolemma degeneration are currently unknown.
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Degeneration follows with swelling of the axolemma, and eventually leads to bead like formation.
From the en.wikipedia.org
Granular disintegration of the axonal cytoskeleton and inner organelles occurs after axolemma degradation.
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Outer membrane covering an axon
The axolemma is the portion of a cell membrane surrounding the axon of a neuron. It is responsible for maintaining the membrane potential of the neuron, and it contains ion channels through which ions can flow. ...