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How to pronounce 363 in English?

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One of you all sent a fairly interesting problem, so I
thought I would work it out.
The problem is I have a group of 30 people, so
30 people in a room.
They're randomly selected 30 people.
And the question is what is the probability that at least 2
people have the same birthday?
This is kind of a fun question because that's the size
of a lot of classrooms.
What's the probability that at least someone in the classroom
shares a birthday with someone else in the classroom?
That's a good way to phrase as well.
This is the same thing as saying, what is the probability
that someone shares with at least someone else.
They could share it with 2 other people or 4 other
people in the birthday.
And at first this problem seems really hard because there's
a lot of circumstances that makes this true.
I could have exactly 2 people have the same birthday.
I could have exactly 3 people have the same birthday.
I could have exactly 29 people have the same birthday and all
of these make this true, so do I add the probability of each
of those circumstances?
And then add them up and then that becomes really hard.
And then I would have to say, OK, whose birthdays
and I comparing?
And I would have to do combinations.
It becomes a really difficult problem unless you make kind
of one very simplifying take on the problem.
This is the opposite of-- well let me draw the
probability space.
Let's say that this is all of the outcomes.
Let me draw it with a thicker line.
So let's say that's all of the outcomes of my
probability space.
So that's 100% of the outcomes.
We want to know-- let me draw it in a color that won't
be offensive to you.
That doesn't look that great, but anyway.
Let's say that this is the probability, this area right
here-- and I don't know how big it really is,
we'll figure it out.
Let's say that this is the probability that someone
shares a birthday with at least someone else.
What's this area over here?
What's this green area?
Well, that means if these are all the cases where someone
shares a birthday with someone else, these are all the area
where no one shares a birthday with anyone.
Or you could say, all 30 people have different birthdays.
This is what we're trying to figure out.
I'll just call it the probability that
someone shares.
I'll call it the probability of sharing, probability of s.
If this whole area is area 1 or area 100%, this green area
right here, this is going to be 1 minus p of s.
This is going to be 1 minus p of s.
Or if we said that this is the probability-- or another way we
could say it, actually this is the best way to think about it.
If this is different, so this is the probability
of different birthdays.
This is the probability that all 30 people have
30 different birthdays.
No one shares with anyone.
The probability that someone shares with someone else plus
the probability that no one shares with anyone-- they all
have distinct birthdays-- that's got to be equal to 1.
Because we're either going to be in this situation or we're
going to be in that situation.
Or you can say they're equal to 100%.
Either way, 100% and 1 are the same number.
It's equal to 100%.
So if we figure out the probability that everyone has
the same birthday we could subtract it from 100.
So let's see.
We could we just rewrite this.
The probability that someone shares a birthday with someone
else, that's equal to 100% minus the probability that
everyone has distinct, separate birthdays.
And the reason why I'm doing that is because as I started
off in the video, this is kind of hard to figure out.
You know, I can figure out the probability that 2 people have
the same birthday, 5 people, and it becomes very confusing.
But here, if I wanted to just figure out the probability that
everyone has a distinct birthday, it's actually a much
easier probability to solve for.
So what's the probability that everyone has a
distinct birthday?
So let's think about it.
Person one.
Just for simplicity, let's imagine the case that we only
have 2 people in the room.
What's the probably that they have different birthdays?
Let's see, person one, their birthday could be 365 days
out of 365 days of the year.
You know, whenever their birthday is.
And then person two, if we wanted to ensure that they
don't have the same birthday, how many days could
person two be born on?
Well, it could be born on any day that person
one was not born on.
So there are 364 possibilities out 365.
So if you had 2 people, the probability that no one
is born on the same birthday-- this is just 1.
It's just going to be equal to 364/365.
Now what happens if we had 3 people?
So first of all the first person could
be born on any day.
Then the second person could be born on 364 possible
days out of 365.
And then the third person, what's the probability that
the third person isn't born on either of these
people birthdays?
So 2 days are taken up, so the probability is 363/365.
You multiply them out.
You get 365 times 36-- actually I should rewrite this one.
Instead of saying this is 1, let me write this as-- the
numerator is 365 times 364 over 365 squared.
Because I want you to see the pattern.
Here the probability is 365 times 364 times 363 over
365 to the third power.
And so, in general, if you just kept doing this to 30, if I
just kept this process for 30 people-- the probability that
no one shares the same birthday would be equal to 365 times 364
times 363-- I'll have 30 terms up here.
All the way down to what?
All the way down to 336.
That'll actually be 30 terms divided by 365
to the 30th power.
And you can just type this into your calculator right now.
It'll take you a little time to type in 30 numbers, and you'll
get the probability that no one shares the same birthday
with anyone else.
But before we do that let me just show you something
that might make it a little bit easier.
Is there any way that I can mathematically express
this with factorials?
Or that I could mathematically express this with factorials?
Let's think about it.
365 factorial is what?
365 factorial is equal to 365 times 364 times 363 times--
all the way down to 1.
You just keep multiplying.
It's a huge number.
Now, if I just want the 365 times the 364 in this case,
I have to get rid of all of these numbers back here.
One thing I could do is I could divide this thing
by all of these numbers.
So 363 times 362-- all the way down to 1.
So that's the same thing as dividing by 363 factorial.
365 factorial divided by 363 factorial is essentially this
because all of these terms cancel out.
So this is equal to 365 factorial over 363 factorial
over 365 squared.
And of course, for this case, it's almost silly to worry
about the factorials, but it becomes useful once we have
something larger than two terms up here.
So by the same logic, this right here is going to be equal
to 365 factorial over 362 factorial over 365 squared.
And actually, just another interesting point.
How did we get this 365?
Sorry, how did we get this 363 factorial?
Well, 365 minus 2 is 363, right?
And that makes sense because we only wanted two terms up here.
We only wanted two terms right here.
So we wanted to divide by a factorial that's two less.
And so we'd only get the highest two terms left.
This is also equal to-- you could write this as 365
factorial divided by 365 minus 2 factorial 365 minus 2 is 363
factorial and then you just end up with those two terms
and that's that there.
And then likewise, this right here, this numerator you could
rewrite as 365 factorial divided by 365 minus 3-- and
we had 3 people-- factorial.
And that should hopefully make sense, right?
This is the same thing as 365 factorial-- well 365 divided
by 3 is 362 factorial.
And so that's equal to 365 times 364 times
363 all the way down.
Divided by 362 times all the way down.
And that'll cancel out with everything else and you'd
be just left with that.
And that's that right there.
So by that same logic, this top part here can be written as
365 factorial over what?
365 minus 30 factorial.
And I did all of that just so I could show you kind of the
pattern and because this is frankly easier to type into a
calculator if you know where the factorial button is.
So let's figure out what this entire probability is.
So turning on the calculator, we want-- so let's
do the numerator.
365 factorial divided by-- well, what's 365 minus 30?
That's 335.
Divided by 335 factorial and that's the whole numerator.
And now we want to divide the numerator by 365
to the 30th power.
Let the calculator think and we get 0.2936.
Equals 0.2936.
Actually 37 if you rounded, which is equal to 29.37%.
Now, just so you remember what we were doing all along, this
was the probability that no one shares a birthday with anyone.
This was the probability of everyone having distinct,
different birthdays from everyone else.
And we said, well, the probability that someone shares
a birthday with someone else, or maybe more than one person,
is equal to all of the possibilities-- kind of the
100%, the probability space, minus the probability that no
one shares a birthday with anybody.
So that's equal to 100% minus 29.37%.
Or another way you could write it as that's 1 minus 0.2937,
which is equal to-- so if I want to subtract that from 1.
1 minus-- that just means the answer.
That means 1 minus 0.29.
You get 0.7063.
So the probability that someone shares a birthday with someone
else is 0.7063-- it keeps going.
Which is approximately equal to 70.6%.
Which is kind of a neat result because if you have 30 people
in a room you might say, oh wow, what are the odds
that someone has the same birthday as someone else?
It's actually pretty high.
70% of the time, if you have a group of 30 people, at least 1
person shares a birthday with at least one other
person in the room.
So that's kind of a neat problem.
And kind of a neat result at the same time.
Anyway, see you in the next video.

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How to pronounce 363 in English?

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